Taking the common monolithic track bed, type Ⅲ damping fastener, polyurethane damping pad and steel spring floating plate track of subway line as the research objects, the damping effects of track structures under different damping measures were compared and analyzed through on-site driving vibration tests. Meanwhile, the frequency response and attenuation characteristics of track structure under different damping measures were studied by hammering test. The results show that there is little difference in the rail vibration acceleration among the four types of tracks, and the tunnel wall vibration acceleration of steel spring floating slab track is the smallest, and the high frequency damping effect of all kinds of track damping is better than that of low frequency damping, and type Ⅲ damping fastener, polyurethane damping pad and steel spring floating plate reduce tunnel wall vibration by 2.9 dB,13.7 dB and 22.4 dB, respectively. The decrease of the stiffness of damping fasteners leads to the obvious decrease of the resonance mode of the rail and the attenuation ability of the rail vibration along the longitudinal direction. Polyurethane damping pad and steel spring floating plate track are consistent in the variation of rail frequency response characteristics and vibration attenuation characteristics.